MZL's xor

Problem Description

MZL loves xor very much.Now he gets an array A.The length of A is n.He wants to know the xor of all ($A_i$+$A_j$)($1\leq i,j \leq n$) The xor of an array B is defined as $B_1$ xor $B_2$...xor $B_n$

Input

Multiple test cases, the first line contains an integer T(no more than 20), indicating the number of cases. Each test case contains four integers:$n$,$m$,$z$,$l$ $A_1=0$,$A_i=(A_{i-1}*m+z)$ $mod$ $l$ $1\leq m,z,l \leq 5*10^5$,$n=5*10^5$

Output

For every test.print the answer.

Sample Input

2
3 5 5 7
6 8 8 9

Sample Output

14
16

Author

SXYZ

Source

2015 Multi-University Training Contest 5